The study of language
Chapter 11
1. Discourse: language beyond sentence.
2. Discourse analysis: is concerned with the study of language in text and conversation.
3. Cohesion: relationship or connection between and across a piece of discourse.
4. Five major cohesive devices (Halliday and Roghaye Hassan):
* Referencing: use of diectic expressions
* Syntactic devices: your sentences become logically connected
* Semantic relations: hyponeme, synonyme, antonyme
* Conjunctions: and, but, because, etc.
* Ellipsis: we delete sth that is previously mentioned.
5. Coherence: how the listener or reader makes sense of a piece of discourse.
6. Cohesion is necessary but not sufficient condition for a text.
7. English conversation: activity in which for the most part, two or more people take turns at speaking.
8. Co-operative principle or Griciean maxims: the quantity maxim, the quality maxim, the relation maxim, the manner maxim
9. The quantity maxim: make your contribution as informative as is requiered, but not more, or less than, is requiered. Be informative enough.
10. The quality maxim: do not say that which you believe to be false or for whoch you lack adequate evidence.
11. The ralation maxim: be relevant. Be cohesive.
12. The manner maxim: be clear, brief and orderly.
13. Hedge: words and expressions that we use when we are not sure of sth.
14. Booster: words that we use when we are sure. Such as defenetely, absolutely…
15. Schema: refers to traditional background knowledge or mental frame work
16. Script: a dynamic schema. It has a series of conventional actions that take place.
17. Implicature: an additional meaning conveyed by speaker adhering to co-operative principle.