The study of language
Yule
Chapter 12
1. Neurolinguistics:The study of relationship between the language and brain.
2. Language areas in the brain: Brocas҆ area, Wernicks҆ area, motor cortex, arcuate fasciculus
3. Brocas҆ area: a part of brain in left hemisphere involved in speech production
4. Wernicks҆ area: a part of brain in left hemisphere involved in language
5. Motor cortex: part of brain, which controls muscle movements
6. Arcuate fasciculus: a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca and Wernicks҆ area in the left hemisphere of the brain
7. The localization veiw: the belief that spesefic aspects of linguistic ability have spesefic location in the brain.
8. The tip of tongue phenomenon: The experience of knowing a word, but being unable to access it and bring it to the surface inorder to say it.
9. Malapropism: a speech error in which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, end and number of syllables.
10. Slip of the tongue: speak error in which a sound or word is produced in the wrong place. Like balck bloxes (instead of black boxes)
11. Spoonerism: A sleep of tongue in which two parts of the words or two words are switched, as in a dog of bag food (instead of a bag of dog food)
12. Slip of the brain: slips of this kind are never random. They never produce a phonologically acceptable sequence.
13. Slip of the ear: a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was grey tape.
14. Aphasia: an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing language.
15. Brocas҆ aphasia: a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced distorted, slow and missing grammatical marks.
16. Agrammatic speech: type of speech without grammatical markers, specially associated with Brocas҆ aphasia.
17. Wernicks҆ aphasia: language disorder in which comprehension is typically slow, while speech is fluent, but vague and missing content word.
18. Conduction aphasia: language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasculus. Reapiting words or phrases are difficult.
19. Dichotic listening: an experiment in which a listener hears two different sounds simoultaneously each through a different earphone
20. Right ear advantage: the fact that humans typically hear speech sounds more readily via the right ear.
21. Critical period: (sensitive period) time from birth to puberty (12_13) which normal first language acquisition can take place
22. Lateralization: devided into right and left side, with control of functions on one side or the other.
Chapter 13
1. Acquisition: gradual development of ability in a first or second language by using it naturally in communicative situation.
2. Input: exposure to the samples of language
3. Care giver speech: a speech addressed to young children by adults or older children who look after them.
4. Cooing: the earliest use of speech- like sounds by an infant in first few monthes.
5. Babbling: the use of syallble sequences (ba_ba) and combinations (ma_ga) by children in their first year.
6. The one word stage: a period in L1 acquisition when children can produce single terms for objects. (Between 12 to 18 month) milk, cat…
7. Holophrastic: a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence→one word stage. * It is holophrastic utterance.
8. The two word stage: a period beginning about 18_20 months when children produce two terms together as an utterance. Forexample: baby chair.
9. Analysis: break up, related to experience. Adults are more analatic.
10. Synthesis: V.S. analysis. Children are synthatic. They want to pick up words.
11. Telegraphic speech: strings of word (lexical morpheme without inflectional morpheme) inphrases produced by two-year-old children. → Dady go bye bye
12. Overgeneralization: in L1 acquisition, using in inflectional on more words than is usual in the language. *Morphology → two foots
13. Overextension: in L1 acquisition, using a word to refer to more objects than is usual in language.→ the ball used to refer to moon.
14. To be predisposed: to have natural ability to learn language
15. Wrong assumptions:
_ Children are thougt languages →partly correct
_ Children learn language via imitation
_ Children benefit from peer/ parent correction
16. True assumption: children learn language naturally.