The study of language
Yule
Chapter 16
1. Written language: about the history of development of writing
2. Writing: a symbolic representation of language using graphic signs.
3. Unlike the speech, writing has to be learned through sustained conscious effort.
تقویت تلاش آگاهانه
4. Early mans cave drawing→pictogram→ideogram→phonetic writing→alphabet writing→in 2000years ago→logogram
5. Pictogram (pictographic writing): a way of writing in which a drawing/ picture of an object is used to represent the object.
*problems of pictogram:
_ It cannot represent abstract ideas.
_ Number of pics may be very much.
_ It can't be analyzed into alphabet.
قابل تجزیه به الفبا نیست
6. Ideogram (idea writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept.→☼: sun
* It is more abstract than pictogram.
* We have symbol _like pictogram but can't be devided.
7. Logogram (word writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a word.→@ &
8. Cuniform: way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into clay.
10. Phonagraphic writing: written symbols used to represent sound in languages, either syllable or phoneme→→ arrow (ti) and life (li)
11. Rebus principle: one symbol sounds for repeatitive sounds in language
با→ب
12. Syllabic writing (syllabary writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a syllable.
13. Orthography: the spelling system of language
14. Diagraph: a combination of letters used in writing for a single sound. ph→f
15. Morphographic: symbols are used for morphemes rather than words.
16. Hiragana: single symbols represent spoken syllable in Japanese.
17. Talking leaves: papers with writing
18. Alphabetic writing: a way of writing in which each symbol represents one sound segment.
19. Consonental writing: a way of writing in which each symbol represents a consonant
Without consonant→reader: rdr
20. Difference between type of pronunciation and writing:
_ Changes occur in any languages.
_printingpress→The printer was Flemish and not familiar with English.