Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
College of Science
Department of Chemistry
Title
Petrochemical industry
Author
A.mohammadi
M.khaje hasani
Supervisor
Z.rashidi ranjbar
October 2015
Development of Chemical industries
The end of 18th century The beginning of the chemical industry
reason
Saponification
Development factories
Textile
Everyday needs
Population growth
Industry
Car
Glass
Color
Petrochemical
Types of industry
.
.
.
Mother's Industries
Definition:
Comprehensive industries that are linked with a wide range of technologies.
Parts used are great.
…………..
as an example
Steel
Car
and etc
Petrochemical industry
1
Petrochemical Industries Development
After the First World War (1914)
The beginning of the petrochemical industry (1920)
The Second World War (1939)
Modern times
After the First World War (1914)
1. Machine Manufacturing Factories
2. The Unavailability of Petroleum Products
Thermal Cracking
Thermal Cracking
Heavy oil production lighter products
Production propylene
The beginning of the petrochemical industry (1920)
American
First Petroleum Company
Problem
Aviation Fuel
Thermal Cracking
Catalytic Cracking
1. Production of high octane benzine
Results
propylene
2. unsaturated hydrocarbons
Butylene
The Second World War (1939)
The dramatic development
Rubber
Explosives
Medication
DDT
The development of the petrochemical industry
Oil companies 400th 80 million ton
Petrochemical Products
Fertilizers
Polymers
Pesticide
Detergents
Solvents
Foods
Pharmaceutical
Explosives
Crude oil sources
Salty water
Depth Earth
Gass
Depth 7000 m
Discovered reserves
Depth 15000 m
characteristics of crude petroleum
A. Physical properties
*Color
Heavy hydrocarbons
Light hydrocarbons
(Fluorescent green)
*smell
Sulfur oil
Disagreeable
Pennsylvania
Garlic
Texas
Camphor
Specific Gravity
*Lighter than water
*0.8 to 1 range
SG = W'V‘/WV
(A specified temperature 60 F )
W‘ =Weight Oil
V‘ = Volume Oil
W = Weight Water
V = Volume Water
American Petroleum Institute – Api
SG = 141.5 / (Api + 131.5)
Viscosity
*unit viscosity in system cgs
*unit viscosity in system british
1 C Poise = 2.42 B.V.U
Temperature
Viscosity
The amount of dissolved gas
0.6 to 600 range
Volatility
1. Light hydrocarbons
Before 250 C Distillation
2. Heavy hydrocarbons
After 250 C Distillation
B .Chemical Properties
*composition
Hydrocarbons
Pennsylvania %98
California %50
*Saturated hydrocarbons
CnH2n+2
Methane, Hexane,Ethane,Hexadecan
paraffin series
*Unsaturated hydrocarbons
CnH2n
Ethylene, propylene,Butylene
Olefin Ethylene series
*Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Cyclopropane,Cyclopantane
Naphthene series
*Aromatic hydrocarbons
C2Hn2-6
Aromatic Series
*Hydrocarbons diolefin
C2H2n-2
Diolefin series
*Hydrocarbons cyclic
C2H2n-4
C2H2n-6
.
.
.
Classification
paraffin series
Naphthene series
Oils
Intermediate
Paraffin Series
Saturated Hydrocarbons
To C4 Gas
C4 To C8 liquid
C8 To Up Solid
Pennsylvani & Poland
Naphthene series
CnH2n
Cyclopropane, Methylcyclopentane,Cyclohexane
Liquid
Venezuela, Caucasus
Oxygenated Compounds
Sulfur Compounds
Nitrogen Compounds
Metal salts> :PPm<
Iron, Lead, Nickel, Vanadium, Potassium
Gas:
Helium
Refining process
Natural Gas
Product oil well
Crude Oil Useless
Reasons
Volatile gases Explosion
Heavy oil Useless
Sulfur compounds Acid
Separation Devices
Distillation
Extraction
Absorption
Molecular sieves
Crystallization
Distillation of crude oil in refineries
Before distillation
Remove salts
MgCl + H2O MgClOH + HCl
Corrosion
Desalting of crude oil
Distiller
Two-phase
step one
Distillation at normal pressure
Separation of light weight components
Step two
Distillation at Vacuum
Separation of heavy weight components
Products
light – distillation
Intermediate – distillation
Heavy – distillation
light – distillation
Benzine
Specific Gravity < 0.8
Distillation < 150 ℃
Petroleum ether
Distillation again
Benzin super
*consisting of C₅ and C₆ hydrocarbons & boiling in the range 35‒60 ℃ & used as a laboratory solvent.
*Octane number 95
Intermediate – distillation
Kerosene
Gas oil
Specific Gravity 0.8 to 0.83 range
Distillation 150 – 250 ℃ range
Jet Fuel
Distillation again
Gas oil & Kerosene
Heavy – distillation
Mazote black oil
engine oil
Specific Gravity > 0.83
Distillation > 250 ℃
Remaining Primary distillation column
*Vacuum distillation & cracking lighter products
Vaccum – towers
Residius:
*Temperature 600 to 700 ℃ range
* Pressure 20 to 40 mmHg
Furnace
Vacuum tower
lighter products
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