Emerging Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials for Cancer Radiation Therapy
Advisor : Dr.Yaser Bahari
Ali Tavackoli Mehr
winter
2018
Emerging Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials forCancer Radiation Therapy
Guosheng Song, Liang Cheng, Yu Chao, Kai Yang, and Zhuang Liu
2017
Impact Factor: 15.78
Departments: Nano and Soft Materials (Soochow University) & Radiology (Stanford University)
1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials as Radio-Sensitizers for Radiotherapy
3. Nanomaterials Delivering Radioisotope for Internal Radioisotope Therapy
4. Internal Radioisotope Therapy (IRT)
5. Nanomaterials for Chemo-Radiotherapy
Contents:
6. Nanomaterials for Thermo-Radiotherapy
7. Other Emerging Strategies for Improved Radiotherapy with Nanomedicine
8. Conclusion and Prospects
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1. Introduction:
History of Cancer
Radiation Therapy (RT)
During RT, ionizing radiation is introduced to kill cancer cells and prevent the progression and recurrence of tumors.
External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) & Internal Radioisotope Therapy (RIT)
Antibodies, liposome emulsions or nanoparticles with tumor targeting ligands
The tumor microenvironment , different from that in normal tissues, is often featured with the asymmetry distribution of nutrients, insufficient oxygenation (hypoxia), acidic pH (acidosis), and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2.
Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
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2.1
Mechanisms of Radio-Sensitization with High-Z Elements
2.2
Gold Nanoparticles
2.3
Rare Earth Nanoparticles
2.4
Other Types of Nanostructures Containing High-Z Elements
2.5
Nanoparticles for Radio-Sensitization with other Mechanisms
2. Nanomaterials as Radio-Sensitizers for Radiotherapy:
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2-1 Mechanisms of Radio-Sensitization with High-Z Elements:
Interaction of X-rays with high-Z element material nanoparticles.
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2.2. Gold Nanoparticles
Size-dependent radio-sensitization of Au nanoparticlesTEM images of Au nanoparticles with five different sizes
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2.3. Rare Earth Nanoparticles
Gd-containing nanoparticles as radio-sensitizers.
A scheme showing Gd-DTPA/CaP hybrid micelles for gadolinium neutron capture therapy.
Thermal neutron irradiation could
cause hazardous damages to cancer cells via γ-rays emitted from Gd nuclides after nuclear
reaction with the captured thermal neutrons.
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2.4. Other Types of Nanostructures Containing High-Z Elements
Hf-TCPP nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) for enhanced EBRT and photodynamic therapy.
1-Tumor growth curves of
different groups showed the efficient combination of photodynamical therapy and radiotherapy in vivo
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Ag Nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles
Si nanoparticles
Au Nanoparticles
TiO2 nanoparticles
2.5. Nanoparticles for Radio-Sensitization with other Mechanisms
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3. Nanomaterials Delivering Radioisotope for
Internal Radioisotope Therapy(IRT)
3.1. Therapeutic Radioisotopes and Nanocarriers
3.2. Organic and Polymeric Nanomaterials as
Radioisotope Carriers
3.3. Inorganic Nanomaterials as Radioisotope Carriers
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3.1. Therapeutic Radioisotopes and Nanocarriers
A Summary of therapeutic radioisotopes
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3.2. Organic and Polymeric Nanomaterials as
Radioisotope Carriers
Liposomes as lipid bilayer constituted spherical vesicles
types of organic polymer-based drug delivery systems being
explored as tumor-targeting carriers for RIT.
For the delivery of RIT,
different types of radionuclides could be encapsulated into
or labeled on liposomes for tumor-targeted delivery.
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3.3. Inorganic Nanomaterials as Radioisotope Carriers
A scheme showing synthesis and modification of WS2 nanoflakes and chelator-free radiolabeling with 188Re.
A scheme showing the proposed mechanism of 188Re-WS2-PEG to synergistically enhance internal RIT via the “self-sensitizing” effect.
TEM images of 188Re-WS2-PEG.
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4. Nanomaterials for Chemo-Radiotherapy
Chemo-radiotherapy has emerged as an important part of the
standard care for many solid tumors and achieved successes
in improving cancer survival and disease control.
In addition to organic polymeric nanoparticles, different types
of inorganic nanoparticles have also been utilized as vehicles to
load chemo drugs for chemo-radiotherapy.
There have been numerous types of polymeric or organic
nanoparticles being explored as drug delivery systems.
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5. Nanomaterials for Thermo-Radiotherapy
MnSe@Bi2Se3 core-shell nanoparticles for thermo-radiotherapy.
(a) A scheme showing the fabrication of MnSe@Bi2Se3 core-shell nanostructure
by the cation exchange method for synergistic photothermal/radiation therapy.
(c) Tumor growth curves under the in vivo combined photothermal/radiation therapy.
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5. Nanomaterials for Thermo-Radiotherapy
(b) In vivo combined internal RIT and photothermal therapy for treatment of subcutaneous tumors.
(d) The tumor volumes 45 days after various treatment by photothermal (PTT), RT, or the combined PTT +RT.
(c) γ-imaging of mice after injection of free 131I
or CuS/[131I]I-PEG into their primary tumors on the food pads, indicating that CuS/[131I]I-PEG nanoparticles could migrate to nearby sentinel lymph
nodes (SLNs) from the injected tumors.
(a) TEM image and elemental mapping of CuS/[131I]I-PEG nanoparticles.
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6. Other Emerging Strategies for Improved
Radiotherapy with Nanomedicine
6.1. Increase of Tumor Oxygenation by Oxygen Delivery
6.2. Increase of Tumor Oxygenation by Decomposing Tumor
Endogenic H2O2
6.4. Reducing Side Effects of Radiotherapy by Radio-Protective
Nanoparticles
6.3. Nanomedicine for Hypoxia-Specific Therapy
Accompany with RT
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6.1. Increase of Tumor Oxygenation by Oxygen Delivery
PFC loaded hollow Bi2Se3 for oxygen delivery and enhanced EBRT.
PFC nano-emulsion for ultrasound (US) triggered oxygen delivery and enhanced EBRT.
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6.2. Increase of Tumor Oxygenation by Decomposing Tumor
Endogenic H2O2
a.Catalase-loaded TaOx hollow nanoparticles for enhanced EBRT.
(b) Reaction scheme showing the reactivity of MnO2 toward H2O2 for the production of O2 and depletion
of protons.
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6.3. Nanomedicine for Hypoxia-Specific Therapy
Accompany with RT
a.NO-releasing nanoparticles for enhanced EBRT.
b.TEM image of USMSs. Scale bar: 50 nm
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6.4. Reducing Side Effects of Radiotherapy by Radio-Protective
Nanoparticles
Because the major target molecules of RT are water and DNA,
healthy tissues could also receive serious injury and damages
under the impertinent ionizing radiation.
nanoparticles that possess catalytic
activities could scavenge free radical induced by RT to protect
Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles are able to scavenge free
radical via changing the charge state on their surface.
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7. Conclusion and Prospects
In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the recent
advances in nanotechnology for improved cancer radiotherapy.
integrating radiotherapy with other physical stimuli induced therapies, such as the thermo-radiotherapy with nanomedicine, may become a new avenue for effective cancer treatment promising
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