1
Biological Activities in Marine Microorganisms
2
Introduction:
The ocean is the mother of life
marine biotope 75%
The water column of the oceans contains approximately 106 bacterial cells per milliliter
Most of the Earth’s microbial diversity is found in the ocean bioactive substances
3
(Abdessamad et al., 2010 )
Bioactive substance:
Secondary metabolites produced by organisms
Have a vital role not
Bacteria idiophase
Zahner theory
The first report Zobell & Rosenfeld
4
(samereh et al., 2008)
5
(Abdessamad et al., 2010 )
Marine Microorganisms:
promising natural product sources
Adapted and survived in marine ecosystems
these organisms develop certain adaptation mechanisms which may be useful for their defense and the result of these adaptations may be useful for human beings in many forms
6
(Ira and Se-Kwon., 2010)
listed that in marine environment:
sponges (37%)
coelenterates (21%)
microorganisms (18%)
algae (9%)
echinoderms (6%)
tunicates (6%)
mollusks (2%)
bryozoans (1%)
7
(Blunt et al., 2004)
Pseudomonas:
Gamma proteobacteria
Compared to terrestrial isolates not well explored
Bioactive substances derived Pseudomonas:
Pyrroles
Pyrrolidinedione (antibacterial)
Phloroglucinol (antispasmodic)
Phenazine (antibiotic)
Benzaldehyde
Phenanthren
Phthalate
Andrimid (antibiotic)
Piramides
Quinolone
(siprofloksasin)
8
(Ira and Se-Kwon., 2010)
Cyanobacteria:
anticancer compounds
Polyacrylamide/Patellamide A Antimalarial/Antitumor
Bio-indol antiinflammatory
9
(Ira and Se-Kwon., 2010)
Dolastatin 10 and 15 Antimicrotubule/Antitumor
Curacin A Antimicrotubule
Toyocamycin Antifungal
10
(Ira and Se-Kwon., 2010)
Anticancer activity:
Cancer is an illness that comprises more than hundred types.
the lomaiviticins a and b, substances with antitumor potential were isolated for the first time from squids, and they contain the bacteria Micromonospora lomaivitiensis. In later experiments, this bacterium was isolated and cultivated in fermentation reactors, to finally determine that the bacteria were the real producers of lomaiviticin.
11
(He, 2001)
Bacillus sp species have been found to possess chemical compounds with anticancer activity. Although this type of bacteria can grow in almost any substrate, it is possible to suggest that this species seems to have acquired the skill to synthesize compounds capable of inhibiting HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells.
12
(Villarreal-Gómez et al., 2010)
13
(Soria-Mercado et al., 2012)
Actinobacteria:
Secondary metabolite Structural diversity and unique biological activity
Genus:
Streptomyces (75%)
Actinomyces (45%)
Arthrobacter
Corynebacterium
14
Frankia
Micrococcus
Micromonospora
And etc…
(Nazarian et al., 2015)
Streptomyces:
largest genus of Actinobacteria
500 Species 70-80% of secondary metabolites
133 Antibiotics:
Streptomycin
Spectinomycin
Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Erythromycin
15
Abyssomicin C Verrucosis pora Inhibitors of PAB
(S.aureus/Van)
Bonactin Streptomyces sp.BD21-2 Antimicrobial
against G+/G- and fungal
Lynamicin marinispora sp Antimicrobial G+/G-
(Enterococcus faecalis/Van)
(S.aureus/met)
Caboxamycin Streptomyces sp.NTK937 Antimicrobial G+
Antitumor AGS/Hep G2
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Bisanthraquinone Streptomyces enterococcus faecium/Van
S.aureus/ Tet
16
(Nazarian et al., 2015)
Pigments antibiotic activity:
Methyl saphenate Pseudonocardia SP. B6273
(Phenazine derivative)
Phenazine-1-Carboxylic acid Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5,10-dihydrophenocomycin Streptomycete
methyl ester
Tambjamines Pseudomonas tunicata
(BE-18591, Pyrrole and their synthetic analogs)
Tryptanthrin Cytophaga/Flexibacteria AM13,1 strain
17
(Kakushi et al., 2011)
Antiviral:
Shikimic acid E.coli (Hostcell- rDNA process)
18
(Rowley et al., 2003)
The number of novel compounds isolated from marine microorganisms (including phytoplankton) between 1985 and 2008
19
(Gu-Ping Hu et al., 2011)
Distribution of the chemical compounds isolated from marine organisms between 1985 and 2008
20
(Gu-Ping Hu et al., 2011)
21
(Alphonse., 2001)
Oceans have borne most of the biological activities on our planet.
Anti-tumor
Anti-cancer
Anti-microtubule
Anti proliferative
Application: Medical
Agriculture
Industry
22
Photo protective
Antibiotic
Antifouling
Cytotoxic
(Cristiane et al., 2014)
Currently, 13 natural products isolated from marine microorganisms are being tested in different phases of clinical trials, and a large number of others are in preclinical investigations.
Until now, marine Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, and Cytophaga isolated from seawater, sediments, algae, and marine invertebrates are known to produce bioactive agents.
23
(Hosokawa etal., 2011)
Abdessamad Debbab, Amal H. Aly, Wen H. Lin and Peter Proksch. 2010. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Bacteria and Fungi.
Ira Bhatnagar and Se-Kwon Kim. 2010. Immense Essence of Excellence: Marine Microbial Bioactive Compounds.
S. javanbakht, M. faezi, N. amir mozafari. 2008. Study on production of bioactive substances in biological bacteria isolated from a lake shore Caspian prices.
M. nazarian, I. nabipor, A. najafi. 2015. Actinobacter’s sea: a resource for the discovery of new drugs.
Azamjon B. Soliev, Kakushi Hosokawa, and Keiichi Enomoto. 2011. Bioactive Pigments fromMarine Bacteria: Applications and Physiological Roles.
Gu-Ping Hu , Jie Yuan , Li Sun , Zhi-Gang She , Jue-Heng Wu , Xiu-Jian Lan , Xun Zhu , Yong-Cheng Lin ,and Sheng-Ping Chen. 2011. Statistical Research on Marine Natural Products Based on Data Obtained between 1985 and 2008.
Alphonse kelecom. 2001. Secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms.
Cristiane C. P. Hardoim and Rodrigo Costa. 2014. Microbial Communities and Bioactive Compounds in Marine Sponges of the Family Irciniidae.
24
25