میکروبیولوژی
جلسه اول: تاریخچه ، طبقه بندی و خصوصیات پروکاریوتها
اهداف اصلی درس :
با تاریخچه و طبقه بندی باکتری ها و خصوصیات پروکاریوتها آشنا شوید آشنا شوید.
اهداف ویژه درس: پایان درس قادر باشید:
1- تاریخچه باکتری شناسی را شرح دهید.
2- چگونگی رد فضیه پیدایش خودبخودی (خلق الساعه ) را بنویسید.
2- فرق بین یوکاریوت ها و پروکاریوت ها را لیست کنید.
3- پروکاریوت ها را طبقه بندی کنید.
4- انواع مختلف باکتریها را طبقه بندی کنید .
5- نام باکتریها را به دو صورت کامل و اختصاربنویسید
Medical Microbiology
The study of relationships between humans and microbes, including:
– Infection
– Infective disease
– Colonisation
– Transmission of infective agents
The world of animalicus
The microbial world
Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered a world of millions of tiny “animalicus” in 1674
Otto Muller organized bacteria in to genera and species according to classification methods of Carolus Linnaeus in 1770s. ( beginning of the taxonomic classification of microbes)
The microbial world
Friedrich Henle proposed criteria for providing that microorganisms were responsible for causing human disease (the germ theory) in 1840.
Koch and Louis Pasteur confirmed this theory in 1870s and 1880s. (proving that microorganisms were responsible for causing anthrax, rabies, plaque, cholera and tuberculosis).
The microbial world
Paul Ehrlich discovered the first antibacterial agent in 1910 (a compound effective against T.pallidum).
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.
Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfanilamide in 1935.
Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin in 1943.
John Enders cultivated viruses in cell cultures in 1946.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Major characteristic of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Bacterial classification
1- Phenotypic classification of bacteria
Microscopic morphology
Macroscopic morphology
Biotyping
Serotyping
Antibiogram patterns
Phage typing
Bacterial classification
2- Analytic classification of bacteria
Cell wall fatty-acid analysis
Whole cell analysis
Whole cell protein analysis
Multifocus locus enzyme electrophoresis
Bacterial classification
3- Genotypic classification of bacteria
Guanine plus cytosine ratio
DNA hybridization
Nucleic acid sequence analysis
Plasmid analysis
Ribotyping
Chromosomal DNA fragment analysis
REFERENCES
Jawetz`s Medical Microbiology (2013)
Medical Microbiology by Murray etal (2013)